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decadence period

  • 1 decadence period

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > decadence period

  • 2 decadence period

    Геология: период упадка

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > decadence period

  • 3 decadence

    ['dɛkədəns]
    n
    ( period) dekadencja f, schyłek m; (of morals, standards) dekadencja f, upadek m
    * * *
    ['dekədəns]
    1) (a falling from high to low standards in morals or the arts: the decadence of the late Roman empire.) dekadencja, upadek
    2) (the state of having low or incorrect standards of behaviour; immorality: He lived a life of decadence.) zepsucie
    •

    English-Polish dictionary > decadence

  • 4 период упадка

    1) General subject: twilight
    3) Physiology: decadence

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > период упадка

  • 5 forfaldsperiode

    (period of) decadence.

    Danish-English dictionary > forfaldsperiode

  • 6 decadencia

    f.
    1 decadence.
    en decadencia on the way out; (moda) in decline (cultura, sociedad)
    la decadencia del imperio the decline of the empire
    2 abatardissement, declension.
    * * *
    1 decadence, decline, decay
    \
    estar en (franca) decadencia to be in (full) decline
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF (=proceso) decline, decay; (=estado) decadence
    * * *
    a) ( proceso) decline
    b) ( estado) decadence
    * * *
    = decline, ebb, labefaction.
    Ex. Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.
    Ex. The ebb in religious life is explained in terms of the stress experienced by the nation during the period of confederation when it was groping for cohesiveness & some symbol of national unity.
    Ex. The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.
    ----
    * decadencia moral = moral decay.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * entrar en decadencia = go to + seed.
    * estar en decadencia = be in decline, be in retreat.
    * situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.
    * * *
    a) ( proceso) decline
    b) ( estado) decadence
    * * *
    = decline, ebb, labefaction.

    Ex: Library automation was in its ascendancy at precisely the same time that the nation's economy was firmly embarked on its present calamitous decline.

    Ex: The ebb in religious life is explained in terms of the stress experienced by the nation during the period of confederation when it was groping for cohesiveness & some symbol of national unity.
    Ex: The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.
    * decadencia moral = moral decay.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * entrar en decadencia = go to + seed.
    * estar en decadencia = be in decline, be in retreat.
    * situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.

    * * *
    1 (proceso) decline
    el período de decadencia del imperio the decline of the empire
    caer en decadencia to fall into decline
    2 (estado) decadence
    * * *

    decadencia sustantivo femenino


    decadencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (declive, deterioro) decadence
    2 Hist Arte la decadencia del arte renacentista, the decline of Renaissance art
    ' decadencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    capa
    - continuismo
    - crepúsculo
    - declive
    - ocaso
    - franco
    English:
    decadence
    - decay
    - stem
    - decline
    - seed
    * * *
    [en estado físico, en importancia, en calidad] decline; [moral, espiritual] decadence;
    en decadencia [moda] on the way out;
    [cultura, sociedad] in decline;
    entrar en decadencia [moda] to be on the way out;
    [cultura, sociedad] to go into decline, to become decadent;
    la decadencia del imperio the decline of the empire
    * * *
    f decadence; de imperio decline
    * * *
    1) : decadence
    2) : decline

    Spanish-English dictionary > decadencia

  • 7 Literature

       The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.
       During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.
       During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.
       Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.
       Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.
       The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Literature

  • 8 forfaldstid

    (merk) maturity, time of payment;
    ( nedgangstid) (period of) decadence.

    Danish-English dictionary > forfaldstid

  • 9 continuismo

    m.
    1 politics of continuity; wish for everything to go on as before.
    2 continuism.
    * * *
    SM (Pol) preservation of the status quo
    * * *
    the practice of keeping the same group, party or family in power for a long period, continuism, policy of continuity
    * * *

    continuismo sustantivo masculino (la práctica de mantener el mismo partido o personas en el poder durante largos periodos) el continuismo político lleva a la decadencia, the practice of keeping the same political party in power during long periods of time leads to decadence
    * * *
    perpetuation of the status quo;
    ha practicado el continuismo en lo económico his economic policy has been no different to that of the previous government

    Spanish-English dictionary > continuismo

  • 10 forfallsperiode

    subst. period of decadence

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > forfallsperiode

  • 11 nedgangstid

    subst. (økonomi) (økonomisk sett) slump, depression, crisis subst. (økonomi) (ikke så sterkt) recession subst. (med åndelig forfall) period of decline/decadence

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > nedgangstid

  • 12 decay

    1. n гниение, разложение; увядание
    2. n порча; разрушение

    rate of decay — степень распада; степень разрушения

    3. n ослабление, упадок, расстройство; распад; загнивание

    senile decay — дряхлость, старческая немощь

    4. n лингв. редк. падение
    5. n спец. спад, ослабление
    6. n физ. радиоактивный распад
    7. n физ. затухание, спад
    8. n тлв. послесвечение экрана
    9. n уст. уменьшение, сокращение
    10. v гнить, разлагаться; портиться
    11. v ветшать, разрушаться
    12. v увядать
    13. v хиреть, слабеть, чахнуть, сдавать, угасать; приходить в упадок, распадаться
    14. v приводить в упадок; подрывать; губить
    15. v опуститься
    16. v физ. распадаться
    17. v физ. спадать, затухать
    18. v уст. уменьшаться, сокращаться
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. decline (noun) collapse; consumption; crumbling; decadence; decline; decrease; degeneration; ebb; failure; ruin
    2. rot (noun) adulteration; break down; breakdown; breakup; corrupt; crumble; decomposition; deterioration; putrefaction; rot; spoilage; waste
    3. break down (verb) blight; break down; corrode; corrupt; crumble; decompose; disintegrate; mold; molder; moulder; putrefy; putresce; rot; spoil; taint; turn; wither
    4. dwindle (verb) decline; degenerate; deteriorate; die; dwindle; fade; fall; fall away; perish
    Антонимический ряд:
    development; enlarge; expand; exuberance; fertility; flourish; force; grow; growth; increase; luxuriance; progress; prosperity

    English-Russian base dictionary > decay

  • 13 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 14 huri

    to turn (vt.), to overthrow, to knock down: huri moai, the overthrowing of the statues from their ahus during the period of decadence on the island.
    to pour a liquid from a container: ka huri mai te vai, pour me some water.
    to end a lament, a mourning: he huri i te tagi, ina ekó tagi hakaou, with this the mourning [for the deceased] is over, there shall be no more crying.
    new shoot of banana: huri maîka.

    Rapanui-English dictionary > huri

См. также в других словарях:

  • decadence — [dek′ədən sēdek′ə dəns; ] also [ di kād′ ns] n. [Fr décadence, a falling away < ML decadentia < prp. of VL * decadere, to fall away < L de , from + cadere, to fall: see CASE1] a process, condition, or period of decline, as in morals, art …   English World dictionary

  • Decadence — For other uses, see Decadence (disambiguation). An orgy in Imperial Rome, by Henryk Siemiradzki Decadence can refer to a personal trait, or to the state of a society (or segment of it). Used to describe a person s lifestyle. Concise Oxford… …   Wikipedia

  • decadence — /dek euh deuhns, di kayd ns/, n. 1. the act or process of falling into an inferior condition or state; deterioration; decay: Some historians hold that the fall of Rome can be attributed to internal decadence. 2. moral degeneration or decay;… …   Universalium

  • decadence — noun Etymology: Middle French, from Medieval Latin decadentia, from Late Latin decadent , decadens, present participle of decadere to fall, sink more at decay Date: 1530 1. the process of becoming decadent ; the quality or state of being decadent …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • Hellenistic period — This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age; for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. The Hellenistic period describes the era which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. During this time, Greek… …   Wikipedia

  • La Decadència — The early modern period (late 15th or 16th 18th centuries) in Catalan literature and historiography, while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the Siglo de Oro, has been termed La Decadència (Catalan pronunciation: [ɫə ðəkəˈðɛnsiə] …   Wikipedia

  • French literature — Introduction       the body of written works in the French language produced within the geographic and political boundaries of France. The French language was one of the five major Romance languages to develop from Vulgar Latin as a result of the …   Universalium

  • fascism — /fash iz euhm/, n. 1. (sometimes cap.) a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often… …   Universalium

  • German literature — Introduction       German literature comprises the written works of the German speaking peoples of central Europe. It has shared the fate of German politics and history: fragmentation and discontinuity. Germany did not become a modern nation… …   Universalium

  • Japan — • Called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun), and Dai Nihon or Dai Nippon (Great Japan), situated north west of the Pacific Ocean and east of the Asiatic continent Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006.… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Original Sin — • Original sin is (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam. Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Original Sin      …   Catholic encyclopedia

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